Author: adm

Simple Bandwidth Monitor: Lightweight Apps for Home and Small Business

Keeping an eye on network bandwidth helps you spot slowdowns, manage data caps, and detect unusual activity. For home users and small businesses, heavyweight enterprise tools are overkill. Lightweight bandwidth monitors give the essentials: real-time usage, historical graphs, alerts, and low resource use. This article covers why you might need one, key features to look for, recommended lightweight apps, and quick setup tips.

Why use a lightweight bandwidth monitor

• Cost‑effective: Many lightweight options are free or inexpensive.
• Low resource use: Designed to run on modest hardware (old PCs, NAS devices, small routers).
• Easy to deploy: Simple setup with minimal configuration.
• Actionable visibility: Shows which devices or apps use bandwidth so you can troubleshoot or enforce limits.

Key features to prioritize

• Real‑time and historical graphs: Immediate visibility plus trends over days or weeks.
• Per‑device or per‑process visibility: Identify the top bandwidth consumers.
• Low CPU/memory footprint: Shouldn’t affect network performance.
• Simple alerts and thresholds: Notify on high usage or when approaching data caps.
• Cross‑platform or router/NAS support: Runs on Windows, macOS, Linux, or on your router/NAS for network‑wide monitoring.
• Export/logging: Optionally export CSV or keep logs for billing/reporting.

Recommended lightweight apps

• GlassWire (Windows): User‑friendly, real‑time graphs, per‑app monitoring, notifications. Good for home users who want visuals without deep setup.
• NetWorx (Windows/macOS): Lightweight, tracks daily/monthly usage, traffic quotas and reports. Simple and reliable for data cap tracking.
• BitMeter OS (cross‑platform): Open source, web interface, historical charts. Low overhead and runs on older machines.
• vnStat + vnStat PHP (Linux): Command‑line daemon that logs traffic with minimal CPU use; pair with a lightweight web frontend for charts. Ideal for routers or headless servers.
• BandwidthD (Linux): Generates per‑IP usage graphs over time; useful if you want device‑level reports on a LAN.
• Fing (mobile/desktop): Good for quick discovery of devices and seeing current network activity; pairs well with another monitor for long‑term stats.
• DD‑WRT/OpenWrt built‑ins: Many router firmware builds include simple monitoring tools that run on the router itself—no extra device needed.

Quick setup tips

1. Decide scope: Monitor a single device (PC) or the whole LAN? Router/NAS monitoring gives network‑wide visibility.
2. Choose platform: Use a native app (Windows/macOS) for single‑device, or a lightweight daemon on a low‑power server/router for whole‑network tracking.
3. Set thresholds: Configure alerts for daily/monthly caps or sudden spikes to catch heavy usage early.
4. Schedule reports: Enable daily or weekly summaries to track trends without watching graphs constantly.
5. Secure access: If you expose a web frontend, protect it with a strong password and limit access to the LAN or VPN.
6. Combine tools: Use a simple discovery tool (Fing) plus a logging daemon (vnStat) for both instant visibility and long‑term data.

When to upgrade to more advanced tools

• You need deep per‑packet inspection, QoS enforcement, or multi‑site aggregation—transition to more advanced solutions (ntopng, PRTG, Zabbix, SolarWinds) only when necessary.

Final recommendation

For most homes and small businesses, start with a low‑footprint option that matches your scope: GlassWire or NetWorx for single devices, vnStat or BitMeter OS for a headless server, or your router’s built‑in monitor for whole‑network basics. Pick one, configure alerts and reporting, and review logs weekly to keep bandwidth surprises under control.

Kernel Undelete: Restore Deleted Files at the Kernel Level

What it is
Kernel undelete refers to techniques and tools that attempt to recover files by interacting with the operating system’s kernel-level structures (file system metadata, in-memory caches, disk blocks) rather than only using user-space utilities. The goal is to restore deleted files by reconstructing or re-linking the file’s metadata and data blocks before they are overwritten.

When it’s useful

• Accidental file deletion (emptying Recycle Bin / Trash).
• Deleted partitions or damaged file system metadata.
• Situations where user-space tools failed or a more direct approach is needed.

How it works (high level)

• Inspect file system metadata structures (inodes, MFT records, directory entries).
• Locate data block pointers or direct disk extents that belonged to the deleted file.
• Reconstruct or recreate directory entries and metadata to point to those data blocks.
• Recover in-memory caches or journal entries (on journaling file systems) to restore recent state.
• Write recovered data to a separate device to avoid overwriting remaining recoverable data.

Typical techniques & sources

• Reading raw disk sectors to find file headers and contiguous data.
• Parsing file system-specific structures:
  • ext2/3/4: inodes, block bitmaps, journal (for ext3/4).
  • NTFS: Master File Table (MFT), \(Bitmap, \)LogFile.
  • HFS+/APFS: catalog/file records, journal.
• Using kernel modules or privileged system calls to access low-level structures when user-space is limited.
• Using file carving to find file signatures when metadata is missing.

Tools & approaches

• User-space recovery tools (TestDisk, PhotoRec, ntfsundelete) — often sufficient.
• Kernel-level or privileged tools:
  • Custom kernel modules that expose or retrieve deleted entries.
  • Forensic toolkits (Autopsy/Sleuth Kit) that parse file system structures at a low level.
• Live forensics: booting from a clean OS or using read-only access to avoid write operations.

Risks & precautions

• Continued use of the system can overwrite deleted data—stop writing to the affected device immediately.
• Running incorrect kernel-level code can corrupt the file system or system stability.
• Always recover to a separate disk or external drive.
• For important cases, consider professional data recovery or forensic services.

Legal & ethical

• Ensure you have authorization to recover data on the device.
• For forensic or legal matters, follow chain-of-custody and write-blocking procedures.

Quick recovery checklist

1. Stop using the device; unmount the volume if possible.
2. Create a full disk image (read-only) to work on.
3. Use safe, read-only forensic tools or boot from external media.
4. Attempt metadata-based recovery first (inodes/MFT).
5. If metadata is gone, try file carving by signature.
6. Save recovered files to a separate storage device.

Convert & Rip Audio Easily with GiliSoft Audio Converter Ripper

Converting and ripping audio doesn’t have to be complicated. GiliSoft Audio Converter Ripper combines a straightforward interface with useful features that make converting between formats and extracting audio from discs or video files quick and reliable. Below is a concise guide to what it does, how to use it, and tips for best results.

What it does

• Convert audio files between popular formats (MP3, WAV, FLAC, AAC, M4A, WMA, OGG).
• Rip audio from CDs and extract audio tracks from video files (MP4, MKV, AVI, MOV).
• Batch processing to convert multiple files at once.
• Basic editing like trimming, adjusting bitrate, sample rate, and channels.
• Presets for common devices and quality levels.

Key features

• User-friendly interface: Drag-and-drop support and clear workflow (add files → choose output → convert).
• High-quality encoding: Options for lossless formats (FLAC) and variable bitrate settings for MP3/AAC.
• Fast processing: Multi-threading support to use multiple CPU cores.
• Metadata support: Read and edit ID3 tags for artist, album, track, cover art.
• Preview and clipping: Listen to files before exporting and trim unwanted sections.

Quick step-by-step: Convert an audio file

1. Open GiliSoft Audio Converter Ripper.
2. Click “Add Files” or drag audio files into the main window.
3. Select the files you want to convert (use Ctrl/Shift for multiple selection).
4. Choose an output format from the preset list (e.g., MP3 — 320 kbps).
5. Optionally edit metadata or set output folder.
6. Click “Convert” and wait for the progress bar to finish.
7. Find converted files in the output folder.

Quick step-by-step: Rip audio from a CD

1. Insert the audio CD into your computer’s disc drive.
2. Open the program and choose “Rip CD” (or “Add CD”).
3. Select the tracks to rip and choose an output format (WAV for highest quality, MP3 for smaller files).
4. Optionally edit track names/metadata.
5. Click “Rip” and wait for completion.

Tips for best results

• Use WAV or FLAC if you want lossless quality; use high bitrate MP3 (256–320 kbps) for a good balance of quality and file size.
• For archival rips, choose WAV and later convert to compressed formats if needed.
• Enable multi-core processing if your CPU supports it to speed up batch conversions.
• Keep metadata updated to make library organization easier.
• Test a short clip first when changing bitrate or format settings.

Pros and cons

When to use it

• Converting large music libraries to a unified format.
• Ripping CDs to digital files for backup or playback.
• Extracting audio tracks from video files for podcasts, sampling, or archiving.
• Quickly preparing audio for portable devices with presets.

Alternatives to consider

If you need advanced editing or open-source options, consider tools like Audacity (editing), Exact Audio Copy (accurate CD ripping), or fre:ac (free audio converter/ripper).

Final recommendation

GiliSoft Audio Converter Ripper is a practical choice for users who want a simple, efficient tool to convert and rip audio without steep learning curves. It covers the essential features—multiple formats, batch processing, CD ripping, and metadata support—making everyday audio tasks fast and accessible.

If you want, I can draft a short tutorial with screenshots or a comparison table against specific alternatives.

Quick Heal Firewall Pro Review 2026: Features, Pros & Cons

Summary

• Quick Heal Firewall Pro is a modular firewall component within Quick Heal’s consumer security lineup (branded features and marketing refreshed through 2025–2026). It focuses on network traffic control, application-level rules, and integration with Quick Heal’s cloud threat intelligence.

Key features

• Application control: Automatic whitelisting of common apps, manual rule creation for inbound/outbound access.
• Predefined profiles: Home, Work, Public profiles that switch rule strictness based on network type.
• Inbound/outbound filtering: Port- and protocol-based rules plus connection logging.
• Intrusion detection basics: Simple IDS/IPS-style protections to block common network exploits.
• Network device protection: Router and LAN device scanning to flag suspicious endpoints.
• Automatic rule suggestions: AI-assisted prompts (via Quick Heal’s cloud services) to allow/deny new app connections.
• Integration with Quick Heal suite: Works with anti-malware, web protection and metaProtect sync for cross-device settings.
• User interface & notifications: GUI-based rule editor, pop-up prompts for new connections, and a security status dashboard.
• Performance & resource handling: Designed to be lightweight with minimal CPU overhead on modern Windows systems.

What’s improved in 2026

• Tighter integration with Quick Heal’s GoDeep.AI telemetry for contextual allow/deny suggestions.
• MetaProtect/cloud sync to manage firewall settings across multiple devices from a central account.
• Updated UI and better per-app control compared with older Quick Heal releases.

EZ Word to PDF Converter: Fast, Free & Easy Conversion

What it does

• Converts .doc and .docx files to PDF quickly while preserving layout, fonts, and images.
• Offers batch conversion to process multiple files at once.
• Typically includes options for page range selection, image compression, and PDF quality.

Key features

• Speed: Fast local or cloud-based conversion with minimal wait time.
• Free tier: Basic conversion tools available at no cost; may include limits (file size, daily conversions).
• Ease of use: Simple drag-and-drop interface and one-click conversion.
• Formatting preservation: Keeps headers, footers, tables, and embedded fonts intact.
• Security: Optional password protection and encryption for output PDFs.
• Compatibility: Works on Windows and Mac; may offer browser-based (web) or desktop apps.
• Batch processing: Convert many Word files to PDF in a single operation.
• Export options: Save to local disk, cloud storage (Google Drive, Dropbox), or email.

Typical workflow

1. Open the app or web page.
2. Drag-and-drop or click to upload one or more .doc/.docx files.
3. Select settings (page range, image quality, password protection).
4. Click “Convert” and wait for processing.
5. Download or save the resulting PDF(s).

Pros

• Fast and simple for users of all skill levels.
• Preserves document formatting reliably.
• Free option available for occasional use.

Cons

• Free tiers often limit file size, number of conversions, or add watermarks.
• Advanced features (OCR, extensive edit tools, high-volume batch) may require paid plans.
• Cloud conversions may raise privacy concerns for sensitive documents (use local desktop app if needed).

Best for

• Students, professionals, and small businesses needing quick, reliable Word→PDF conversion without complex setup.

Quick tips

• For large or sensitive files, prefer a trusted desktop version.
• Embed fonts in the Word file before converting to avoid font substitutions.
• Use batch mode to save time when converting many documents.

Quick Check Guide: 10-Minute Productivity Boosts

Why 10 minutes works

Short, focused bursts reduce decision fatigue and make it easier to start. Ten minutes is long enough to make progress yet short enough to overcome procrastination.

When to use this guide

Use these quick checks at the start of your work session, between tasks, or whenever momentum stalls.

7 quick checks (10 minutes each)

10-minute routines for common roles

Tools and tips

• Use a simple timer (phone, browser extension).
• Keep a single “Next Actions” list for quick reference.
• Batch 2-minute tasks to avoid interruption flow.
• Silence notifications during sprints.

Sample 10-minute block (concrete)

1. Set timer for 10 minutes.
2. Spend 1 minute listing top 3 tasks and choosing one.
3. Spend 2 minutes clearing workspace/tabs.
4. Spend 6 minutes working without interruption.
5. Spend final minute recording progress and next step.

Making it stick

• Do two 10-minute checks at predictable times each day (start and mid-afternoon).
• Track completion for 2 weeks to build habit.
• Adjust number of minutes if tasks require longer focus, but keep ceremony.

Final note

Ten-minute quick checks are a practical habit to break inertia and build steady progress. Start small, be consistent, and tweak routines to fit your workflow.

Geomancy: An Introduction to Earth Divination Practices

Geomancy is a traditional form of divination that interprets patterns—historically marks made in earth, sand, or on paper—to answer questions and offer guidance. It developed independently across cultures (Africa, the Middle East, Europe) and reached a detailed, formalized system in medieval Europe.

Core elements

• Marks and figures: Geomancy uses 16 primary figures, each composed of four lines of single or double marks (active or passive). Figures are generated by random marks grouped into four lines, then combined through a specific set of rules to form a chart.
• Chart structure: A complete geomantic reading arranges figures into a shield chart and a judge figure (final outcome). Intermediate figures (called mothers, daughters, witnesses, and counsels) show influences and relationships.
• Interpretation: Each figure has symbolic meanings tied to elements, planets, personality traits, obstacles, and outcomes. Placements in the chart indicate timing, sources of influence, and practical advice.
• Tools and media: Originally performed by making marks in sand or soil, geomancy can also be done with pen and paper, coins, or computerized generators.

Historical context

• Origins and spread: Geomantic practices appear in African and Arab traditions; Islamic scholars formalized methods and transmitted them to Europe through translations in the Middle Ages. European geomancy incorporated astrological correspondences and became a common divinatory art from the 13th–17th centuries.
• Connection to astrology: Medieval geomancers often paired geomantic charts with astrological houses and planetary rulerships to refine timing and context.

How a basic reading works (simplified)

1. Create four lines of random single/double marks four times to form four “mother” figures.
2. Derive four “daughter” figures by recombining lines.
3. Generate subsequent figures (nieces/sons, witnesses) following traditional rules until the “judge” figure appears.
4. Read the chart: the judge gives the outcome; witnesses and other figures show influences, timing, and advice.

Practical uses today

• Quick decision-making and personal guidance.
• Locational questions about property or landscape (in line with its “earth” roots).
• Psychological insight using symbolic associations rather than literal prediction.
• Integration with modern tools: apps and online generators can produce charts while practitioners focus on interpretation.

Limitations and considerations

• Geomancy is symbolic and interpretive—not empirical prediction.
• Accuracy depends on the practitioner’s skill and the clarity of the question.
• Cultural variations mean methods and meanings differ; respect origin traditions.

Further study resources

• Classic medieval texts on geomancy and translations.
• Contemporary books and online courses that teach chart construction and interpretation.
• Practice: generate many charts to learn pattern recognition and meanings.

Anxron KeepUp

Anxron KeepUp is a productivity tool designed to centralize task management, streamline team collaboration, and keep workflows synchronized across devices. It focuses on simplicity, real-time updates, and integrations with common workplace apps to reduce context switching and help teams stay aligned.

Key features

• Unified task inbox: Collects tasks from email, chat, and integrations into a single view.
• Real-time sync: Changes made on any device are propagated instantly to collaborators.
• Smart prioritization: Auto-suggests priorities based on deadlines, dependencies, and activity patterns.
• Integrations: Connects with calendars, Slack, Git repositories, and cloud storage for seamless handoffs.
• Templates & automation: Prebuilt templates and automation rules for recurring workflows and handoffs.
• Permissions & audit logs: Granular access controls and change history for compliance and accountability.

Who it’s for

• Small to mid-sized teams needing a lightweight, centralized task manager.
• Product and engineering teams tracking issue handoffs and sprint tasks.
• Remote teams requiring reliable, real-time synchronization across time zones.
• Individual contributors who want consolidated task views from multiple apps.

Benefits

• Reduced context switching: Fewer app toggles because tasks from multiple sources appear in one place.
• Faster handoffs: Integrations and templates standardize transfers between teams.
• Improved visibility: Shared views and audit logs help managers track progress and blockers.
• Better focus: Smart prioritization surfaces the most important work each day.

Typical workflow

1. Import tasks from email and connected apps into the Unified Task Inbox.
2. Use templates to create project boards and assign roles.
3. Automate routine steps (e.g., move completed code reviews to QA).
4. Monitor progress via dashboards and adjust priorities when needed.
5. Archive completed workflows and export audit logs for records.

Setup & best practices

• Start small: Integrate one or two key apps first (calendar and Slack) to reduce friction.
• Use templates: Leverage built-in templates for common processes like sprints or launches.
• Define ownership: Assign clear owners for tasks to avoid ambiguity.
• Automate conservatively: Begin with simple rules, then expand as needs stabilize.
• Train the team: Short walkthroughs ensure everyone follows shared conventions.

Limitations to consider

• May not replace full-featured project management suites for enterprise-scale needs.
• Reliant on third-party integrations; disruptions in connected services can affect workflow.
• Auto-prioritization may require tuning to match a team’s actual working patterns.

Final takeaway

Anxron KeepUp is a practical option for teams and individuals who want a straightforward, integration-friendly way to keep tasks synchronized and visible. It’s particularly useful for organizations that value speed and simplicity over heavyweight project management features.

Migrating from Transmission-GTK to Transmission-Qt: Step-by-Step Guide

Overview

This guide shows a straightforward way to move from Transmission-GTK to Transmission-Qt while preserving torrents, settings, and download data. Assumes a Linux desktop (Debian/Ubuntu/Fedora) and that both clients use the same Transmission data directory (typically ~/.config/transmission or ~/.config/transmission-daemon for system services).

Before you start

• Backup: Make a full backup of your Transmission configuration and download folder.
  • Example commands:

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    cp -r ~/.config/transmission ~/.config/transmission.backup cp -r ~/Downloads/torrents /Downloads/torrents.backup 

• Stop running Transmission instances: Ensure Transmission-GTK (and any daemon) is not running:
  • GUI: quit the app
  • Terminal:

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    pkill transmission-gtk pkill transmission-daemon 

Step 1 — Install Transmission-Qt

• Debian/Ubuntu:

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  sudo apt update sudo apt install transmission-qt 

• Fedora:

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  sudo dnf install transmission-qt 

• Arch:

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  sudo pacman -S transmission-qt 

Step 2 — Confirm config/data locations

• Common paths:
  • GUI user config: /.config/transmission
  • Daemon config: /var/lib/transmission-daemon/info or /.config/transmission-daemon
  • Torrents and incomplete directories: user-specified (e.g., /Downloads/torrents)
• If Transmission-GTK used a custom location, note it and ensure Transmission-Qt points to same paths.

Step 3 — Preserve torrent and resume data

• Ensure the following files are preserved/copied if needed:
  • torrents/ (folder containing .torrent files)
  • resume/ (resume files)
  • settings.json (global settings)
• If configurations are in different dirs, copy files to the Transmission-Qt config dir:

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  cp -r ~/.config/transmission/torrents ~/.config/transmission-qt/ cp -r ~/.config/transmission/resume ~/.config/transmission-qt/ cp ~/.config/transmission/settings.json ~/.config/transmission-qt/settings.json 

  (Adjust paths if your distro uses different folders.)

Step 4 — Start Transmission-Qt and point to existing data

• Launch Transmission-Qt from the application menu or terminal:

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  transmission-qt 

• If Transmission-Qt doesn’t auto-detect existing torrents, use File → Open Torrent and select the .torrent files from your torrents folder, then when prompted, set the download location to the existing data folder so it will verify and resume.

Step 5 — Re-check and verify data

• For each transferred torrent, right-click → Verify Local Data (or Verify) to force a re-check. This ensures progress is recognized and seeding resumes without re-downloading.

Step 6 — Transfer settings and adjust preferences

• Open Preferences and confirm:
  • Download directory and incomplete directory paths
  • Port and network settings
  • Bandwidth limits
  • Seeding ratio and queue settings
• If you copied settings.json, Transmission-Qt will use those settings; manually tweak if any GUI options differ.

Step 7 — Remove old client (optional)

• After confirming everything works:
  • Debian/Ubuntu:

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    sudo apt remove transmission-gtk 

  • Or use your package manager or GUI to uninstall.

Troubleshooting

• If torrents show as new and start re-downloading, stop them and use “Set Location” to point to the existing data, then “Verify”.
• Permission issues: ensure the user running Transmission-Qt can read/write download and config folders:

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  sudo chown -R \(USER:\)USER /path/to/downloads ~/.config/transmission

• If settings conflict between daemon and GUI versions, stop the daemon before launching Qt client.

Quick checklist

• Backup config and downloads
• Stop other Transmission instances
• Install transmission-qt
• Copy config/torrents/resume files if needed
• Open torrents in Transmission-Qt and point to existing data
• Verify local data for each torrent
• Adjust preferences and remove old client if desired

Date: February 5, 2026

Keeper Desktop: Secure Password Management for Windows & macOS

Keeper Desktop is a cross-platform password manager that helps individuals and teams store, organize, and autofill passwords and sensitive data securely on Windows and macOS. This article explains core features, security architecture, setup steps, daily use, and tips to get the most from Keeper Desktop.

Key features

• End-to-end encryption: Vault data is encrypted locally before syncing, so only you can decrypt it.
• Cross-platform sync: Keeps passwords, secure notes, and files synced between desktop apps, mobile apps, and browser extensions.
• Autofill & auto-login: Fill credentials into websites and apps automatically to save time and reduce typing errors.
• Password generator: Create strong, unique passwords with configurable length and character options.
• Two-factor authentication (2FA): Supports TOTP apps, hardware keys (FIDO2/WebAuthn), and other 2FA methods for account protection.
• Secure file storage: Store encrypted attachments and documents in your vault.
• Role-based sharing (business plans): Securely share credentials with teammates using granular access controls.

How Keeper Desktop secures your data

Keeper uses a zero-knowledge architecture: your master password and encryption keys are never shared with Keeper. Data is encrypted locally using strong algorithms (AES-256 for data at rest, with secure key derivation), then synced to Keeper’s servers in encrypted form. Because decryption requires your master password (and any configured 2FA), Keeper cannot read your vault contents.

Installing and initial setup

1. Download Keeper Desktop for Windows or macOS from the official Keeper website or trusted app stores.
2. Install the app and open it.
3. Create a new account: choose a strong master password and optionally add a hint — do not store the master password in the vault.
4. Enable two-factor authentication (recommend TOTP or hardware key) during setup for added security.
5. Optionally install the Keeper browser extension for autofill and password capture.

Migrating or importing passwords

• Keeper supports importing from common password managers and CSV exports. Use the import tool in the desktop app to map fields and verify entries after import.
• For security, delete any leftover export files after import.

Daily use and workflow

• Use the password generator when creating new accounts; save credentials directly to Keeper.
• Rely on autofill for quick logins in browsers and supported apps.
• Store credit cards, secure notes, and documents in dedicated vault records.
• Organize entries with folders and tags to find items quickly.
• Use the built-in breach monitoring and security audit (where available) to identify weak or reused passwords and rotate them promptly.

Sharing and team management (business features)

• Create shared folders or teams for controlled credential access.
• Assign roles and permissions to limit who can view, edit, or manage credentials.
• Use auditing and reporting to track access and changes.

Backup and recovery

• Keeper provides encrypted cloud sync; ensure your master password and recovery options (account recovery or emergency access) are set up.
• For enterprise, enable admin-enforced recovery options and policies.

Troubleshooting common issues

• If autofill doesn’t work, ensure the browser extension is enabled and site matching is configured.
• If you forget your master password, Keeper’s zero-knowledge model means it cannot be recovered by support unless you set up account recovery beforehand.
• Sync problems often resolve by signing out and back in or ensuring network connectivity.

Best practices

• Use a long, unique master password and enable 2FA.
• Use the password generator and avoid reusing passwords.
• Regularly review security audit reports and rotate compromised credentials.
• Remove exported files immediately and keep local devices updated and encrypted.

Keeper Desktop provides a robust, user-friendly way to manage passwords securely across Windows and macOS. By combining strong local encryption, cross-device sync, and practical features like autofill and sharing, it reduces password-related risk while simplifying daily logins and credential management.